International Law

AbstractGenerative artificial intelligence (AI) systems, together with text and data mining (TDM), introduce complex challenges at the junction of data utilization and copyright laws. The inherent reliance of AI on large quantities of data, often encompassing copyrighted materials, results in...

Abstract Artificial Intelligence (‘AI’) technologies present great opportunities for the investment management industry (as well as broader financial services). However, there are presently no regulations specifically aiming at AI in investment management. Does this mean that AI is currently unregulated?...

This study presents a comprehensive and practical framework for auditing algorithmic fairness in financial lending models, addressing the urgent concern of bias in machine-learning systems that increasingly influence credit decisions. As financial institutions shift toward automated underwriting and risk scoring,...

Abstract In the debate on copyright exceptions permitting text and data mining (“TDM”) for the development of generative AI systems, the so-called “three-step test” has become a centre of gravity. The test serves as a universal yardstick for assessing the...

Abstract The advancement of machine learning and artificial intelligence (AI) technology has fundamentally altered the production and ownership of works, including video games. That is because, with the development of AI systems, machines are now capable of not only producing...

Algorithmic decision-making systems have become pervasive across critical domains including employment, housing, healthcare, and criminal justice. While these systems promise enhanced efficiency and objectivity, they increasingly demonstrate patterns of discrimination that perpetuate and amplify existing societal biases. This paper examines...

The integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in recruitment processes has revolutionized hiring by increasing efficiency, reducing time-to-hire, and enabling data-driven decision-making. However, despite these advancements, concerns about algorithmic bias and fairness remain central to ethical AI deployment. This paper explores...

Cloud-based machine learning systems are increasingly used in sectors such as healthcare, finance, and public services, where they influence decisions with significant social consequences. While these technologies offer scalability and efficiency, they raise significant concerns regarding security, privacy, and compliance....

Machine learning fairness enhancement methods based on data bias correction are usually divided into two processes: The determination of sensitive attributes (such as race and gender) and the correction of data bias. In terms of determining sensitive attributes, existing studies...

The rapid integration of artificial intelligence (AI) into critical decision-making domains—such as healthcare, finance, law enforcement, and hiring—has raised significant ethical concerns regarding bias and fairness. Algorithmic decision-making systems, if not carefully designed and monitored, risk perpetuating and amplifying societal...

PurposeThis study examines the impact of data bias and algorithmic discrimination on individual credit accessibility in China’s financial system. It aims to align financial inclusion and equity goals with statistical fairness conditions by constructing fairness metrics from multiple dimensions. The...