International Law

The description of a combination of technologies as ‘artificial intelligence’ (AI) is misleading. To ascribe intelligence to a statistical model without human attribution points towards an attempt at shifting legal, social, and ethical responsibilities to machines. This paper exposes the...

The paper aims to analyse the relationship between the law on the protection of personal data and the regulation of artificial intelligence, in search of synergies and with a view to a complementary application to automated processing and decision-making. In...

Abstract Music is a language that is spoken between the performer and the listener. Platforms like SUNO AI have enabled even non‐musicians to create music and don the hats of composers by giving few prompts without understanding the language in...

LexNLP is an open source Python package focused on natural language processing and machine learning for legal and regulatory text. The package includes functionality to (i) segment documents, (ii) identify key text such as titles and section headings, (iii) extract...

Abstract Objective To develop and validate a machine learning model that helps physician advisors efficiently identify hospital admission denials likely to be overturned on appeal. Materials Analysis of 2473 appealed hospital admission denials with known outcomes, split 90:10 for training...

The article discusses the features of international legal regulation of the development and application of artificial intelligence and robotics in the world. The focus of international organizations on maintaining an optimal balance between the interests of society and the state...

Examples of discriminatory algorithmic recruitment of workers have triggered a debate on application of the non-discrimination principle in the EU. Algorithms challenge two principles in the system of evidence in EU non-discrimination law. The first is effectiveness, given that due...

Gottfried Leibniz—who died just more than 300 years ago in November 1716—worked on many things, but a theme that recurred throughout his life was the goal of turning human law into an exercise in computation. One gets a reasonable idea...

The problem of finding a feedback law that drives the state of a linear discrete-time system to the origin in minimum-time subject to state-control constraints is considered. Algorithms are given to obtain facial descriptions of the <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">M</tex> -step...

AI in education is not only a challenging area of technical development and educational innovation, but increasingly the focus of critical analysis informed by the social sciences, philosophy and theory. This chapter provides an overview of critical perspectives on AI...

AbstractEthics-based auditing (EBA) is a structured process whereby an entity’s past or present behaviour is assessed for consistency with moral principles or norms. Recently, EBA has attracted much attention as a governance mechanism that may help to bridge the gap...

This article examines the intricate legal landscape surrounding the use of copyrighted materials in the development of artificial intelligence (AI). It explores the rise of AI and its reliance on data, emphasizing the importance of data availability for machine learning...

AI standardization promises to support the implementation of EU legislation and promote the rapid transfer,transparency, and interoperability of this massively disruptive technology. However, apart from well-known practical difficulties stemming from the unique probabilistic nature and the rapid development of AI...

For more than a century scholars have proposed laws of se-\nmantic change that characterize how words change in meaning\nover time. Two such laws are the law of differentiation, which\nproposes that near-synonyms tend to differentiate in meaning\nover time, and the law...

As methods in legal information retrieval (IR) evolve to meet the demands of rapidly increasing stores of electronic information, there is the intuitive appeal of capturing detail in legal queries with natural language processing (NLP). One difficulty with this approach...

Artificial intelligence (AI)-based cybersecurity services offer significant promise in many scenarios, including malware detection, content supervision, and so on. Meanwhile, many commercial and government applications have raised the need for intellectual property protection of using deep neural network (DNN). Existing...

This paper examines the evolution of legal personhood and explores whether historical precedents—from corporate personhood to environmental legal recognition—can inform frameworks for governing artificial intelligence (AI). By tracing the development of persona ficta in Roman law and subsequent expansions of...

The idea of artificial legal intelligence stems from a previous wave of artificial intelligence, then called jurimetrics. It was based on an algorithmic understanding of law, celebrating logic as the sole ingredient for proper legal argumentation. However, as Oliver Wendell...

This study explores intelligent identification methods for undue influence and grossly unfair clauses from the cross-perspectives of artificial intelligence and comparative contract law, focusing on the integration of intelligent text analysis and legal knowledge graph technology. By constructing a dual...

[Context] Semantic legal metadata provides information that helps with understanding and interpreting the meaning of legal provisions. Such metadata is important for the systematic analysis of legal requirements. [Objectives] Our work is motivated by two observations: (1) The existing requirements...

In this brief contribution, I distinguish between code-driven and data-driven regulation as novel instantiations of legal regulation. Before moving deeper into data-driven regulation, I explain the difference between law and regulation, and the relevance of such a difference for the...

Machine learning models, as tools of artificial intelligence, have an increasingly strong potential to become an integral part of judicial decision-making. However, the technical limitations of AI systems—often overlooked by legal scholarship—raise fundamental questions, particularly regarding the preservation of the...

Judicial documents and judgments are a rich source of information about legal cases, litigants, and judicial decision-makers. Natural language processing (NLP) based approaches have recently received much attention for their ability to decipher implicit information from text. NLP researchers have...

As the use of artificial intelligence (AI) continues to spread, we have seen an increase in examples of AI systems reflecting or exacerbating societal bias, from racist facial recognition to sexist natural language processing. These biases threaten to overshadow AI’s...

Computational Methods for Legal Analysis Computational analysis can be seen as the most recent innovation in the field of Empirical Legal Studies (ELS). It concerns the use of computer science and big data tools to collect, analyse and understand the...

Almost all law is expressed in natural language; therefore, natural language processing (NLP) is a key component of understanding and predicting law. Natural language processing converts unstructured text into a formal representation that computers can understand and analyze. This technology...

We argue why interpretability should have primacy alongside empiricism for several reasons: first, if machine learning (ML) models are beginning to render some of the high-risk healthcare decisions instead of clinicians, these models pose a novel medicolegal and ethical frontier...

This talk situates the rising field of NLLP in the context of legal scholarship and practice.It will examine how the field relates to existing inquiries in computational law, AI and Law, and computational/empirical legal studies.Similarities, differences, and opportunities for cross-fertilization...