Vehicle-as-Prompt: A Unified Deep Reinforcement Learning Framework for Heterogeneous Fleet Vehicle Routing Problem
arXiv:2604.05195v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: Unlike traditional homogeneous routing problems, the Heterogeneous Fleet Vehicle Routing Problem (HFVRP) involves heterogeneous fixed costs, variable travel costs, and capacity constraints, rendering solution quality highly sensitive to vehicle selection. Furthermore, real-world logistics applications often...
LMI-Net: Linear Matrix Inequality--Constrained Neural Networks via Differentiable Projection Layers
arXiv:2604.05374v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: Linear matrix inequalities (LMIs) have played a central role in certifying stability, robustness, and forward invariance of dynamical systems. Despite rapid development in learning-based methods for control design and certificate synthesis, existing approaches often fail...
Operational Noncommutativity in Sequential Metacognitive Judgments
arXiv:2604.04938v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: Metacognition, understood as the monitoring and regulation of one's own cognitive processes, is inherently sequential: an agent evaluates an internal state, updates it, and may then re-evaluate under modified criteria. Order effects in cognition are...
Thinking Diffusion: Penalize and Guide Visual-Grounded Reasoning in Diffusion Multimodal Language Models
arXiv:2604.05497v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: Diffusion large language models (dLLMs) are emerging as promising alternatives to autoregressive (AR) LLMs. Recently, this paradigm has been extended to multimodal tasks, leading to the development of diffusion multimodal large language models (dMLLMs). These...
Blind-Spot Mass: A Good-Turing Framework for Quantifying Deployment Coverage Risk in Machine Learning Systems
arXiv:2604.05057v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: Blind-spot mass is a Good-Turing framework for quantifying deployment coverage risk in machine learning. In modern ML systems, operational state distributions are often heavy-tailed, implying that a long tail of valid but rare states is...
Attribution Bias in Large Language Models
arXiv:2604.05224v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: As Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly used to support search and information retrieval, it is critical that they accurately attribute content to its original authors. In this work, we introduce AttriBench, the first fame-...
Reason Analogically via Cross-domain Prior Knowledge: An Empirical Study of Cross-domain Knowledge Transfer for In-Context Learning
arXiv:2604.05396v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: Despite its success, existing in-context learning (ICL) relies on in-domain expert demonstrations, limiting its applicability when expert annotations are scarce. We posit that different domains may share underlying reasoning structures, enabling source-domain demonstrations to improve...
Reproducing AlphaZero on Tablut: Self-Play RL for an Asymmetric Board Game
arXiv:2604.05476v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: This work investigates the adaptation of the AlphaZero reinforcement learning algorithm to Tablut, an asymmetric historical board game featuring unequal piece counts and distinct player objectives (king capture versus king escape). While the original AlphaZero...
Dialogue Act Patterns in GenAI-Mediated L2 Oral Practice: A Sequential Analysis of Learner-Chatbot Interactions
arXiv:2604.05702v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: While generative AI (GenAI) voice chatbots offer scalable opportunities for second language (L2) oral practice, the interactional processes related to learners' gains remain underexplored. This study investigates dialogue act (DA) patterns in interactions between Grade...
Graph Topology Information Enhanced Heterogeneous Graph Representation Learning
arXiv:2604.05732v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: Real-world heterogeneous graphs are inherently noisy and usually not in the optimal graph structures for downstream tasks, which often adversely affects the performance of GRL models in downstream tasks. Although Graph Structure Learning (GSL) methods...
TRACE: Capability-Targeted Agentic Training
arXiv:2604.05336v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: Large Language Models (LLMs) deployed in agentic environments must exercise multiple capabilities across different task instances, where a capability is performing one or more actions in a trajectory that are necessary for successfully solving a...
Exemplar Retrieval Without Overhypothesis Induction: Limits of Distributional Sequence Learning in Early Word Learning
arXiv:2604.05243v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: Background: Children do not simply learn that balls are round and blocks are square. They learn that shape is the kind of feature that tends to define object categories -- a second-order generalisation known as...
Faster Superword Tokenization
arXiv:2604.05192v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: Byte Pair Encoding (BPE) is a widely used tokenization algorithm, whose tokens cannot extend across pre-tokenization boundaries, functionally limiting it to representing at most full words. The BoundlessBPE and SuperBPE algorithms extend and improve BPE...
AutoSOTA: An End-to-End Automated Research System for State-of-the-Art AI Model Discovery
arXiv:2604.05550v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: Artificial intelligence research increasingly depends on prolonged cycles of reproduction, debugging, and iterative refinement to achieve State-Of-The-Art (SOTA) performance, creating a growing need for systems that can accelerate the full pipeline of empirical model optimization....
Expectation Maximization (EM) Converges for General Agnostic Mixtures
arXiv:2604.05842v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: Mixture of linear regression is well studied in statistics and machine learning, where the data points are generated probabilistically using $k$ linear models. Algorithms like Expectation Maximization (EM) may be used to recover the ground...
Shadow Derivatives: The Quiet Propertization of AI Learning
Introduction Artificial intelligence (AI) systems learn. In today’s AI markets, durable advantage comes less from any single output than from the learning that accumulates through training, fine-tuning, and downstream feedback loops.[1] Each interaction, correction, and deployment contributes incrementally to improved...
LLM Reasoning as Trajectories: Step-Specific Representation Geometry and Correctness Signals
arXiv:2604.05655v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: This work characterizes large language models' chain-of-thought generation as a structured trajectory through representation space. We show that mathematical reasoning traverses functionally ordered, step-specific subspaces that become increasingly separable with layer depth. This structure already...
The Many Ways of Constitutional Discourse
On January 31, 2026, in a stunning three-page order by Judge Fred Biery, the United States District Court for the Western District of Texas granted habeas relief to five-year-old Liam Conejo Ramos and his father Adrian Conejo Arias—who had been...
On the Geometry of Positional Encodings in Transformers
arXiv:2604.05217v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: Neural language models process sequences of words, but the mathematical operations inside them are insensitive to the order in which words appear. Positional encodings are the component added to remedy this. Despite their importance, positional...
The 14th Amendment’s citizenship clause is not trapped in amber: a reflection on oral argument
While I have written multiple posts for SCOTUSblog on birthright citizenship, a substantial part of my practice is litigating Second Amendment claims. In light of that experience, I was struck […]The postThe 14th Amendment’s citizenship clause is not trapped in...
What oral arguments and opinion authorships can actually tell us
Empirical SCOTUS is a recurring series by Adam Feldman that looks at Supreme Court data, primarily in the form of opinions and oral arguments, to provide insights into the justices’ decision making and […]The postWhat oral arguments and opinion authorships...
The who, what, and where of gun control
A Second Opinion is a recurring series by Haley Proctor on the Second Amendment and constitutional litigation. My previous column examined what it means for a gun control measure to […]The postThe who, what, and where of gun controlappeared first...
Intel signs on to Elon Musk’s Terafab chips project
Intel will join SpaceX and Tesla in an effort to build a new U.S. semiconductor factory in Texas, although the scope of its contributions are unclear.
Rethinking the Key Role of Private Antitrust Enforcement
PRAISE: Prefix-Based Rollout Reuse in Agentic Search Training
arXiv:2604.03675v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: In agentic search, large language models (LLMs) are trained to perform multi-turn retrieval and reasoning for complex tasks such as multi-hop question answering (QA). However, current search-based Reinforcement Learning (RL) methods suffer from two core...
Your Agent is More Brittle Than You Think: Uncovering Indirect Injection Vulnerabilities in Agentic LLMs
arXiv:2604.03870v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: The rapid deployment of open-source frameworks has significantly advanced the development of modern multi-agent systems. However, expanded action spaces, including uncontrolled privilege exposure and hidden inter-system interactions, pose severe security challenges. Specifically, Indirect Prompt Injections...
The Format Tax
arXiv:2604.03616v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: Asking a large language model to respond in JSON should be a formatting choice, not a capability tax. Yet we find that structured output requirements -- JSON, XML, LaTeX, Markdown -- substantially degrade reasoning and...
Ticket savings of up to $500 this week for TechCrunch Disrupt 2026
Starting today, you have 5 days to save nearly $500 on your ticket to TechCrunch Disrupt 2026. This offer disappears Friday, April 10, at 11:59 p.m. PT. Register here to secure these low rates.
What really happens on the emergency docket
By now, readers of SCOTUSblog are quite familiar with the Supreme Court’s emergency docket, where parties come to the court seeking emergency orders, oftentimes without full briefing and oral argument. […]The postWhat really happens on the emergency docketappeared first onSCOTUSblog.